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DUAL VCA https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1611592636162-UEX9GE1M9S2LJ88J1JYY/VCA_PCB3.png Synth - DUAL VCA https://www.lee-sampson.com/synth/project-four-kzawy monthly 0.5 2021-01-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1611401813094-D2I8RY8ELE17LGO8L9DS/Mix_4x1_03_SQ.png Synth - MIX 4x1 - MIX 4X1 Simple 4 to 1 mixer with mutes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/04659080-9e8a-4e71-88b8-f4369421531b/MIXER_Gif.gif Synth - MIX 4x1 - Features 4 in, 1 out mixer Individual input mutes and attenuators Output attenuator https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1611589347019-NUJR58QM5NGEFV36OF1W/MIX_4X1_PCB1.png Synth - MIX 4x1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1611590306306-HTBNEA4UK86FQF5SIZ4D/MIX_4X1_PCB2_02.png Synth - MIX 4x1 https://www.lee-sampson.com/synth/mx-out monthly 0.5 2021-01-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1611400086650-M82M9B10TDR43X0E8IPK/MXOUT_02_SQ.png Synth - MX OUT - MXOUTPUT Output module for the MX range https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/8698c581-a062-4da3-9e17-b189b5f02430/MXO_GIF.gif Synth - MX OUT - Features 2X Effects sends/returns with return attenuator Headphones out with attenuator Stereo out with 1/4inch Jacks Needs at least one other MX input module to be able to work. Multiple MX input modules can be daisy chained from this module to create a modular mixer. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1611586251138-8F2ME95KI6UOIWGIDLWH/MXOUT_PCB1_02.png Synth - MX OUT https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1611586251704-84BLT6EHPI18YUL2HI9Q/MXOUT_PCB2_02.png Synth - MX OUT https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1611586251507-YFT7F6NFFZ5KTGHX46G0/MXOUT_PCB3_01.png Synth - MX OUT https://www.lee-sampson.com/synth/project-two-n7g48 monthly 0.5 2021-01-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1611402840125-RR77BU02Q69N9YSVWIC6/adsr_04_sq.png Synth - ADSR - ADSR Multi mode ADSR module with additional duration parameter https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/b451be01-2d89-48c8-bee3-bd030c1a26e8/ADSR_GIF.gif Synth - ADSR - Features 1 channel Attack, decay sustain release and duration Positive and inverted outputs Normal mode, Gate loop mode and loop mode Momentary and constant trigger switch https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1611590363994-UOL61L3T4AQX1P4IWOSF/ADSR__PCB1.png Synth - ADSR https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1611590634286-PR6F0HNWXBS6V1UXCFW8/ADSR__PCB2.png Synth - ADSR https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1611590982887-2XYL1WZJ912O6KEBXFTQ/ADSR__PCB3.png Synth - ADSR https://www.lee-sampson.com/synth/mx4 monthly 0.5 2022-11-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1611396224230-PCH1YKW34JA5NV93WKJ0/MX4_04_SQ.png Synth - MX4 - MX4 4 channel mono mixer with pan, 2 effects sends and mutes (Only usable if accompanied by MXOUTPUT) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/8dbcc596-44cb-4c73-b2ab-3e3c6b32016e/MX4_Spin_white.gif Synth - MX4 - Features 4 channel mixer Pan per channel 2x effects sends per channel Mute per channel Level per channel Mute indicator light The MX4 must be used with a MXOUTPUT module. Multiple MX4’s can be daisy chained from the back of an MXOUTPUT along with other MX based modules. Based on the MFOS Stereo panning mixer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/fbe87e41-319c-486b-9245-628d62b9da81/MX4_Channels_Schem_03.png Synth - MX4 - Make it stand out Mixer channel 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/fbe87e41-319c-486b-9245-628d62b9da81/MX4_Channels_Schem_03.png Synth - MX4 Mixer channel 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/ab37543e-9e4b-4c6d-9d34-fe24548d2e00/MX4_Channels_Schem_04.png Synth - MX4 - Make it stand out Connectors and power https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/fbe87e41-319c-486b-9245-628d62b9da81/MX4_Channels_Schem_03.png Synth - MX4 - Make it stand out Mixer channel 4 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/fbe87e41-319c-486b-9245-628d62b9da81/MX4_Channels_Schem_03.png Synth - MX4 - Make it stand out Mixer channel 3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1611427328761-TA58H147FNCSVBW943G3/MX4_04_PCB_02_02.png Synth - MX4 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1611427854777-0PMZL2RRWE1TGEK6QDIV/MX4_04_PCB_01_02.png Synth - MX4 https://www.lee-sampson.com/synth/vcooo monthly 0.5 2022-11-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/ccf76939-5c50-4b33-b24d-e94298da059c/VCO-O-O+Main_02_SQ.png Synth - VCO-O-O - VCO-O-O Daisy-chainable CEM3340 based VCO https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/0eb9eaa5-4227-4ab6-bf52-67da661b3b25/VCO_GIF.gif Synth - VCO-O-O - Features Sine, triangle, square, saw and ramp waveforms 1V/OCT tracking Exponential FM CV input Linear FM CV input Hard and soft sync 50 - 99% Pulse width with CV control (0 - 5v) 10Vpp waveforms Front panel tuning trimmers The VCO-O-O has through connectors on the back panel to allow the pass through of all CV inputs from one module to the next. By default, the CV inputs will be normalled from the first module down the chain. Inserting jacks within the chain will break the connection with the previous module which allows you inject CV into different point along the chain. 1V/OCT CV can be disconnected from the chain via the link switch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/c34492a6-884a-4aba-a8f2-0673e6a51de7/VCO-O-O_connections.png Synth - VCO-O-O https://www.lee-sampson.com/diy-synth daily 0.75 2025-01-30 https://www.lee-sampson.com/diy-synth/diy-synth monthly 0.5 2022-11-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/04276e97-b93a-4c1c-956c-d016253218ab/Modular_Rack_edited_06.png DIY Synth - 1. Introduction - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1669245158933-ZE9QUSPXM2SL13B6W6JD/unsplash-image-ZP2iqHtUtyc.jpg DIY Synth - 1. Introduction - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1669244548476-7LS7EJWLJ7X3PWHM8UNO/unsplash-image-xD8DPNDYG6E.jpg DIY Synth - 1. Introduction - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1669245252080-I9K922NF7JI5D9ODRWV8/unsplash-image-eybM9n4yrpE.jpg DIY Synth - 1. Introduction - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1669245158933-ZE9QUSPXM2SL13B6W6JD/unsplash-image-ZP2iqHtUtyc.jpg DIY Synth - 1. Introduction - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1669245252080-I9K922NF7JI5D9ODRWV8/unsplash-image-eybM9n4yrpE.jpg DIY Synth - 1. Introduction - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1669245158933-ZE9QUSPXM2SL13B6W6JD/unsplash-image-ZP2iqHtUtyc.jpg DIY Synth - 1. Introduction - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.lee-sampson.com/diy-synth/diy-synth-sound monthly 0.5 2022-11-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/674fcf11-7889-4aa1-8349-181a3d42464a/Snare-drum.gif DIY Synth - 2. What is sound? For the purposes of this workshop we will mainly focus on how sound is created. We do not need to worry too much about how our ears and brains turn vibrating air into “sound”. The key thing to remember is that for stages 1-4 above, we are just talking about things vibrating, whether it’s a drum skin, a speaker, air or an ear drum. It’s just vibration. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/47ea698a-14cb-4191-b381-6fb006b32834/drum_animation5.gif DIY Synth - 2. What is sound? - Vibration in practice Black line = drum skin Red line = Start and finish point https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/674fcf11-7889-4aa1-8349-181a3d42464a/Snare-drum.gif DIY Synth - 2. What is sound? - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/b1a7b8e3-70c5-4b93-81f7-81e070b0c776/Speaker-slow.gif DIY Synth - 2. What is sound? - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/36a7972f-71fb-491e-8b10-1c47b5ec3fd1/Speaker_SINE_HighAmp.gif DIY Synth - 2. What is sound? - Make it stand out Faster vibration = Higher frequency = Higher pitch https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/21475165-6e47-4005-bf60-6b7363eab308/Speaker_SINE_LowAmp.gif DIY Synth - 2. What is sound? - Make it stand out Slower vibration = Lower frequency = Lower pitch https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/b9ccfeb7-fce1-429b-b53b-50f894b8ed77/Speaker_SINE.gif DIY Synth - 2. What is sound? - Make it stand out Slower vibration = Lower frequency = Lower pitch https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/5e98fa14-2148-465b-8de9-5b72322c9fde/Speaker_SINE_0.5hz_noline.gif DIY Synth - 2. What is sound? - Make it stand out Faster vibration = Higher frequency = Higher pitch https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/32cbe253-3531-47ed-b1a8-2a1518ebf448/Speaker_SINE_1hz.gif DIY Synth - 2. What is sound? - Make it stand out Faster vibration = Higher frequency = Higher pitch https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/3de0a00a-9267-469f-9a2b-a3e2d31b1bad/Speaker_SINE_2hz.gif DIY Synth - 2. What is sound? - Make it stand out Slower vibration = Lower frequency = Lower pitch https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/910e6262-2dbf-4dc1-b0da-2cf386810872/Speaker_SINE_0.5hz.gif DIY Synth - 2. What is sound? - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/ccf929d3-14d4-46d9-bf97-8d3a081df1f5/Speaker_SQUARE_1hz.gif DIY Synth - 2. What is sound? - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/32cbe253-3531-47ed-b1a8-2a1518ebf448/Speaker_SINE_1hz.gif DIY Synth - 2. What is sound? - Make it stand out Faster vibration = Higher frequency = Higher pitch https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/de5213d0-5dca-43b5-8c45-8aada8850f47/Speaker_SAW_1hz.gif DIY Synth - 2. What is sound? - Make it stand out Slower vibration = Lower frequency = Lower pitch https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/4cac47ad-d04f-4084-8d0c-282ddbc41449/speaker.jfif DIY Synth - 2. What is sound? - Controlling a speaker with electricity Now that we know how we want the speaker to move, we need to figure out how we can do that using electricity. As we discussed before a speaker works by moving a paper “cone” backwards and forwards. This cone is also referred to as the diaphragm. The way that the speaker moves this diaphragm is by using an electro magnet. When a voltage is put though the electro magnet it increases its magnetic force which pushes (or pulls) the diaphragm backwards (or forwards). By controlling the voltage that we put through the speaker we can control how it moves. This is ultimately what we are trying to achieve when we make an electronic synth circuit, we want to create a fluctuating voltage in the desired wave shape which can be used to to control a speaker later down the line. Its worth noting here that usually an electronic synth will not directly connect to a speaker. It may go through a mixer and/or an amplifier. We will discuss this later but for now just imagine that we are connecting directly to a speaker. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/358303f8-326c-4ffb-9b70-254eca43645c/Speaker_SINE_voltageRead_v3.gif DIY Synth - 2. What is sound? - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.lee-sampson.com/diy-synth/diy-synth-electronics monthly 0.5 2022-12-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/e864104b-2905-4dc3-a33a-767f1952efd9/Battery_Lightbulb.gif DIY Synth - 3. Electronics basics - Flow of electricity In this circuit electricity flows from the positive(+) pin of the battery to the negative(-) one. As it flows through the lightbulb it illuminates it. The black line represents a conductive material such as a copper wire. Electricity can pass through conductive materials and not insulating ones. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/022db03b-84bc-4628-9fb0-e59476b784f7/Battery_Lightbulb_switch.gif DIY Synth - 3. Electronics basics - Breaking the circuit You can see here that if you break the circuit, the electricity stops flowing, which turns the light off. This is how a switch works. Electricity will only flow if the circuit is complete. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/84a2539c-122d-4b74-b152-8165bacd53b8/electron_flow_4.gif DIY Synth - 3. Electronics basics Here we can see how electrons move from atom to atom through a copper wire. In reality there would be billions of atoms in a copper wire, all passing their electrons from one to the next. I will refrain from delving too deep into the science of this for now, but just note that the electrons move down the wire. (They actually flow the other way in reality but ignore that for now. Search “conventional vs electron current” if you are interested.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/e864104b-2905-4dc3-a33a-767f1952efd9/Battery_Lightbulb.gif DIY Synth - 3. Electronics basics - Properties of electricity There are two basic properties of electricity that we need to have a basic understanding of before we can start to design a circuit. Voltage Current Its worth mentioning at this stage that we are just trying to grasp the basics of electricity. Just enough so that we can start to build diy synths and have a solid base to learn from. As I will show later there are ways that you can start to build synths with basically no knowledge of electricity so don’t worry too much is some of this goes over your head. Later I am going to use an analogy to help explain these properties in a more understandable way. In this circuit the blue dots represent electrons. When electricity passes though a conductor such as copper, it is actually the electrons of the copper atoms moving from one atom to the next. Try to imagine that the battery is pushing the electrons though the wire. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/ebbcc7da-c983-465f-ab22-08c9ccc290e6/Water_Lightbulb+Resistor_A_01.gif DIY Synth - 3. Electronics basics Here we have an example of the water analogy. This water “circuit” is the same as the one above, only using water and pipes instead of electricity and wires. We have a water pump which is pushing water out of one end, through a pipe, and powering a lightbulb. Notice that the pump has an output which we could call positive(+), and an input which we could call negative(-), the same as the battery. We obviously have to use our imagination here but hopefully the use of this analogy will be helpful. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/e864104b-2905-4dc3-a33a-767f1952efd9/Battery_Lightbulb.gif DIY Synth - 3. Electronics basics - The water analogy As mentioned, one common analogy that is used to explain electricity is comparing it to how water flows through a pipe system. As water is pumped in one end, it gets pushed through the pipe and out of the other end. Similarly, this is how electricity passes through a conductive material. Imagine that the battery is “pushing” electrons through the circuit in the same way a water pump would push water through a pipe. Although using this analogy is helpful, it is not 100% comparable. I will use it to explain some fundamental properties of electricity but please keep in mind that at some points the water analogy may fall apart. Voltage (measured in volts) is like the pressure of the water pushing through the pipes. Current (measured in amps) is like the flow of water moving through the pipes. Resistance (measured in ohms) is like a blockage or narrowing in the pipe that slows down the water. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/ebbcc7da-c983-465f-ab22-08c9ccc290e6/Water_Lightbulb+Resistor_A_01.gif DIY Synth - 3. Electronics basics - Current Electronic In electronic terms current is a measure of how many electrons pass a certain point over a specified time. Current is measured in Amperes(A). 1A or 1 Ampere means that 6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons have passed a specific point over 1 second. Don’t worry about this very large number as it is practically irrelevant for our purposes. Electrons have to be flowing in order for there to be a current. Water analogy In water terms, current is how much water passes a specific point over a specified time. For example, you could measure the number of liters of water that pass through the lightbulb section in one second. Water has to be flowing for there to be a current. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/e102bf84-9d41-47af-beb4-6fbf76000dbe/Water_Lightbulb__lowCurrent_02.gif https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/ebbcc7da-c983-465f-ab22-08c9ccc290e6/Water_Lightbulb+Resistor_A_01.gif https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/75140335-647b-4676-99fe-20268c3c9c99/Water_Voltage_nocurrent_03.gif DIY Synth - 3. Electronics basics - Voltage Electrical Voltage is the property of electricity which actually pushes the electrons around the circuit. Without voltage no current can flow. When you look at a battery and is says it 9v or 1.5v, this is how much “pressure“ it can produce. Water analogy Voltage is like the the amount of pressure in a water system. Imagine this as the power of the pump. If you turn the pump up it will create a higher pressure in the system, turn it down and it will lower the pressure. In this example the brightness of the blue represents how much pressure there is in the circuit. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/6ed43888-5c22-4356-9872-73b51f211f56/Water_Voltage_current_02.gif DIY Synth - 3. Electronics basics - No current without voltage Notice here how the flow of current (the arrows) does not move unless there is voltage. As the pressure gets higher, the water flows more quickly. Think of voltage as pushing the water / electrons around the circuit and the current as the speed at which it is being pushed https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/322cbd72-ba26-4450-b952-5f03305b5f4b/Water_Voltage+no+current_05.gif DIY Synth - 3. Electronics basics - Voltage doesn’t need current Interestingly voltage can exist without current. Because voltage is like pressure, it can still push water into the system even if it cant go anywhere. Imagine a water pump attached to a pipe which is sealed on the end. Turning the pump up will still create pressure in the pipe, even though no water is flowing. You could test the level of that pressure in the same way you can test voltage even if current isn’t flowing. If you made a hole in the pipe then the pressure would push the water out of it and then you would have current as the water is now flowing. https://www.lee-sampson.com/diy-synth/diy-synth-components monthly 0.5 2022-11-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/ca20b8d6-0d6b-4b87-9bce-e0cf268f41ab/Water_Lightbulb+Resistor_D_01.gif DIY Synth - 4. Electronic components - Resistor water analogy “A resistor is a small component that limits or controls the flow of electrical current in a circuit.“ A resistor in the water analogy will restrict the flow of water in the circuit. The higher the resistance, the more it will restrict the flow. Note that the flow is restricted before and after the resistor when the resistance is changed. This is the similar to how water would behave. Water before the resistor cannot flow quickly if the water after it can not. The flow will be the same across the whole circuit. In this circuit, the change in resistance restricts the flow of water which in turn reduces the brightness of the light bulb. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/a55a3525-9bfa-4b41-991a-0c0c8a8ab6dc/Components_Resistors_01.png DIY Synth - 4. Electronic components - Symbols Here are some symbols for different types of resistors. For each component there are often various symbols that can be used. Resistors are on where you will often see either the block symbol, or squiggly line symbol. Both are the same. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/a2a230fb-90c4-4bd8-9a50-191608543165/resistors.jpg DIY Synth - 4. Electronic components - Resistors A resistor is a small component that limits or controls the flow of electrical current in a circuit. It is used to protect sensitive parts, adjust signal levels, or divide voltages. Resistors have a specific value measured in ohms (Ω) that determines how much resistance they offer to the current. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/21e42e70-60f5-4f58-a3e7-f12c1cda2d18/c01-001.jpg DIY Synth - 4. Electronic components - Capacitors A capacitor is an electronic component that stores and releases electrical energy in a circuit. Capacitors are used to smooth out voltage fluctuations, filter signals, and store energy for short periods. They come in different sizes and capacitance values, measured in farads (F). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/35c44b17-31c1-4cda-908f-c1052825490b/Water_Lightbulb_capacitor_01.gif DIY Synth - 4. Electronic components - Capacitor water analogy “A resistor is a small component that limits or controls the flow of electrical current in a circuit.“ A resistor in the water analogy will restrict the flow of water in the circuit. The higher the resistance, the more it will restrict the flow. Note that the flow is restricted before and after the resistor when the resistance is changed. This is the similar to how water would behave. Water before the resistor cannot flow quickly if the water after it can not. The flow will be the same across the whole circuit. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1ee4a204-2edd-443f-9916-1b780e40feec/Components_Capacitor_01.png DIY Synth - 4. Electronic components - Symbols Here are some symbols for different types of resistors. For each component there are often various symbols that can be used. Resistors are on where you will often see either the block symbol, or squiggly line symbol. Both are the same. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/da832bfa-9726-4e56-9818-4472206b6623/Potentiometer_02.gif DIY Synth - 4. Electronic components - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/09c2fef1-6933-42d0-8a62-4df1ee65ae7a/chiet-ap-la-gi-chiet-ap-duoc-dung-de-lam-gi-1.jpg DIY Synth - 4. Electronic components - Potentiometers A potentiometer is a type of adjustable resistor used to control the level of voltage or current in a circuit. Think of it like a crossfader. If the knob is turned fully left, the signal on the left pin will pass. If its turned fully right, the signal on the right will pass. If set in the middle, a mix of half the left and half the right will pass. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/853d885d-8d5c-484b-9ec1-985330204929/Water_Diode_02.gif DIY Synth - 4. Electronic components - Diode water analogy Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/c4b12cb4-a675-4306-9eaf-e8c51f8e743f/Circuit-symbol-and-examples-of-standard-diode.png DIY Synth - 4. Electronic components - Diodes A diode is an electronic component that allows current to flow in only one direction, acting like a one-way valve for electricity. Diodes are commonly used in power supplies, signal processing, and rectifiers, where they convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). They come in different types, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which produce light, and are marked by their characteristic "positive" and "negative" sides. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/19d2291f-14c4-4f02-8ac3-4274a594ea8d/Components_Diode_01.png DIY Synth - 4. Electronic components - Types of diodes A diode is an electronic component that allows current to flow in only one direction, acting like a one-way valve for electricity. Diodes are commonly used in power supplies, signal processing, and rectifiers, where they convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). They come in different types, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which produce light, and are marked by their characteristic "positive" and "negative" sides. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/a1cc8f44-31ee-476d-9108-9efbe51e851d/Water_Transistor_1.gif DIY Synth - 4. Electronic components - Transistor water analogy Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/b8becd23-7b09-4613-9b6b-0a4c1d8c1132/What-is-a-Transistor.jpg DIY Synth - 4. Electronic components - Transistors A transistor is an electronic component that acts as a switch or amplifier in a circuit. It can control the flow of electrical current between two terminals by using a smaller current to control a larger one. Transistors are used to turn devices on and off, amplify signals, or regulate power. They come in different types, like NPN and PNP, and are essential for building everything from amplifiers to digital logic circuits in computers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/0865688a-596e-49e2-9c3b-eace623d21db/Components_Transistors_01.png DIY Synth - 4. Electronic components - Symbols A transistor is an electronic component that acts as a switch or amplifier in a circuit. It can control the flow of electrical current between two terminals by using a smaller current to control a larger one. Transistors are used to turn devices on and off, amplify signals, or regulate power. They come in different types, like NPN and PNP, and are essential for building everything from amplifiers to digital logic circuits in computers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/961b8fda-d8be-4ef4-afa7-7e50df7bf339/1_Ed4A9tLo-NXYB8-7u4NVqQ.jpg DIY Synth - 4. Electronic components - ICs (integrated circuits) An integrated circuit (IC) is a small chip that contains many electronic components, such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors, all built onto a single piece of semiconductor material. ICs are essentially premade electrical circuits packaged into a small formfactor ICs are used to perform complex tasks like processing signals, storing data, or controlling functions in devices. They make electronics smaller, more reliable, and energy-efficient by combining multiple components into one compact package. https://www.lee-sampson.com/diy-synth/diy-synth-schematics monthly 0.5 2022-11-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/7d7a4402-17d1-4d96-a04b-b17ece02a04a/PM_Schematic_02.png https://www.lee-sampson.com/diy-synth/diy-synth-breadboards monthly 0.5 2022-11-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1669245158933-ZE9QUSPXM2SL13B6W6JD/unsplash-image-ZP2iqHtUtyc.jpg DIY Synth - 6. Breadboards - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1669244548476-7LS7EJWLJ7X3PWHM8UNO/unsplash-image-xD8DPNDYG6E.jpg DIY Synth - 6. Breadboards - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.lee-sampson.com/diy-synth/diy-synth-circuit monthly 0.5 2022-11-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/34f743c8-58c1-4c2b-86c5-0f49ec1a9534/Breadboard.png DIY Synth - 7. Build a circuit - Simple LED circuit Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/72c23296-f4b7-4573-94bd-823ca6800e87/Circuit_LED.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/75443cc8-1ab1-4879-b419-119df12b3cc6/Circuit_LED_02.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/02b7ad70-c56e-45fb-add2-735e27e9f82c/Circuit_Oscillator_01.png DIY Synth - 7. Build a circuit - Oscillator circuit - part 1 Oscillating Here we are making a simple square wave oscillator with a fixed frequency. The frequency is defined by the value of the capacitor and the resistor. We also have an LED on the output so that we can see the square wave output visibly. We will connect to a speaker later. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/86ef7b99-aef8-4a1e-bdd0-b0bc28129a87/Oscillator_01.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/d0e032dd-d808-45d9-af78-b3cb477dc364/Circuit_Oscillator_01B.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/3c2984fe-09ac-4f11-89cd-46b38a60ba45/Water_Lightbulb__lowCurrent.gif DIY Synth - 7. Build a circuit - Explaining the circuit with the water analogy Here is a representation of how this circuit would look if we were using the water analogy. The output of the invertor would be high pressure, pushing water out. When it gets to the https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/02b7ad70-c56e-45fb-add2-735e27e9f82c/Circuit_Oscillator_01.png DIY Synth - 7. Build a circuit - How do we create the delay? The way we do this in the circuit is by adding a resistor and a capacitor into the feedback loop. The resistor will limit the amount of current that can flow between the output and the input. The capacitor will take time to fill up before allowing current to flow to the input. Its the combination of these tow components that create the delay. Changing the values of each component individually will affect delay time between the input and output. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/970e6cde-6efa-406f-967a-f23f7fa8d8e1/Feedback+gif.gif DIY Synth - 7. Build a circuit - Making it oscillate So if we were to connect the invertor’s output back to its input, it would oscillate very fast from low to high as the output will change the input, which will in turn change the output etc. This is called a feedback loop. The problem with this is that it would be oscillating incredible fast and in an uncontrollable way. So what we need to do is delay the time between the output changing it value, and the input receiving it. Then as the output changed it would hold for a set time, and then trigger the input, rather than just doing it as fast as possible. If we change the amount of delay between the output and the input, we will change the frequency of the oscillation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/02b7ad70-c56e-45fb-add2-735e27e9f82c/Circuit_Oscillator_01.png DIY Synth - 7. Build a circuit - Oscillator circuit explained An invertor’s function is to output the inverse of its input. If its input is high then its output will be low. If its input is low then its output will be high. When we say low we mean GND, or 0v. When we say high we mean the invertors positive voltage, so 9v in our case (there may be a threshold somewhere between 0-9v in reality). So if the input is 0v then the output will be 9v and if the input is 9v the output will be 0v. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/8215ef87-e150-4289-b7b9-094ea7c48b02/Circuit_Oscillator_02.png DIY Synth - 7. Build a circuit - Oscillator circuit - part 2 Potentiometers Now we want to figure out how to make the frequency variable. To do this we either need to add a component that varies the capacitor value or the resistor value. Variable resistors (or potentiometers) are generally what are used for the knobs on a synthesizer. So we need to swap the fixed 1k resistor for a potentiometer to allow us to control the resistance value, ad thus the frequency of the oscillator. When a potentiometer is fully off it can have essentially 0 resistance, so we need to add in the 100ohm resistor to make sure we don’t short the output to the input. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/fa571014-5f49-4299-8ede-90711279c10b/Circuit_Oscillator_02B.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/f62f6cfb-da85-4bd2-9e0d-98895703c6d1/Oscillator_02.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/32cd22e0-50ae-4bb5-809e-2d8f81a1f06d/Circuit_Oscillator_03.png DIY Synth - 7. Build a circuit - Oscillator circuit - part 3 Light dependent resistors Another way of varying the resistance is to use an LDR. An LDR (or light dependent resistor) changes its value based on how much light is shinning into it. So in a bright space the resistance will be high, and in a dark space the resistance will be low. You can use your hand to control the amount of light hitting the LDR which will affect its resistance. To add the LDR we remove the 100 ohm resistor and replace it with the LDR. LDRs will always have some resistance so we don’t have to worry about shorting anymore https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/9c3395dc-2d92-47b1-8c3c-d05cd140359f/Circuit_Oscillator_03B.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/d900d481-4f8a-41ea-bec5-2f2efdd79c9c/Oscillator_03.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/719d6b42-10a9-4953-a12e-10423abff430/Circuit_Oscillator_04.png DIY Synth - 7. Build a circuit - Oscillator circuit - part 4 Dual oscillators Now we want to make a second oscillator. Remembering that the IC that we are using is a hex invertor, which means it has six invertors, we can simply make the same circuit again using one of the other invertors on the chip. In the second circuit we will go back to before we added the LDR, so one circuit uses the LDR, and the other has the 100 ohm resistor in its place. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/31d2da53-59a2-46aa-b905-01fa9c33d3dd/Circuit_Oscillator_04B.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/fee8953f-2fc6-49a0-b7db-dde6de48d28a/Oscillator_04.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/719d6b42-10a9-4953-a12e-10423abff430/Circuit_Oscillator_04.png DIY Synth - 7. Build a circuit - Oscillator circuit - part 5 Frequency modulation Now we have two oscillators we can use one to modulate the others frequency. Remember that our first oscillator can be controlled by light via the LDR, and both oscillators have LEDs on their outputs, so if we face the LED of the second oscillator into the LDR of the first one, the frequency of the first oscillator will be modulated by the output of the second one. Using an LED to control an LDR is called a vactrol and can be bought as a component which has both LED and LDR in one package. https://www.lee-sampson.com/diy-synth/diy-synth-oscillator monthly 0.5 2022-11-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1669244548476-7LS7EJWLJ7X3PWHM8UNO/unsplash-image-xD8DPNDYG6E.jpg DIY Synth - 8. Build an oscillator - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1669245158933-ZE9QUSPXM2SL13B6W6JD/unsplash-image-ZP2iqHtUtyc.jpg DIY Synth - 8. Build an oscillator - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.lee-sampson.com/diy-synth/diy-synth-experiments monthly 0.5 2022-11-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1669244548476-7LS7EJWLJ7X3PWHM8UNO/unsplash-image-xD8DPNDYG6E.jpg DIY Synth - 9. Oscillator experiments - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5fce292e4e85dd6b25161af1/1669245158933-ZE9QUSPXM2SL13B6W6JD/unsplash-image-ZP2iqHtUtyc.jpg DIY Synth - 9. Oscillator experiments - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.